Neptis Foundation published a report called Growing Cities that compares three Canadian metropolitan areas: Calgary, Toronto, and Vancouver. The project is an innovative collaboration between the fields of remote sensing (the use of satellite imagery), spatial analysis and statistics, and policy analysis. The approach represents a new way to evaluate the results of planning policies and governance structures across different jurisdictions. The study found that there is a high degree of correspondence between long-term planning goals and urban development patterns in each metropolitan area.